Neoliberalism and emasculation of safety

by Bernard Corden

Everybody knows that the boat is leaking, everybody knows that the captain lied

Leonard Cohen ¹

In June 2000, the Australian federal government announced its intention to transfer the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission from Sydney to Canberra. Many of its experienced employees resigned and did not relocate. Its budget was slashed by almost $4 million and it remains parsimonious as federal and state governments persist with this sustained political and economic destabilisation campaign. ² ³ ⁴

The ratification of International Labour Organization Convention C155 was fundamental to the harmonisation of safety legislation and national uniformity. Nonetheless, despite Industry Commission recommendations, the federal government stonewalled its endorsement. ⁵ ⁶ This raised increasing reservations over Australia’s compliance with other fundamental conventions and its international obligations and it was begrudgingly ratified in March 2004. However, in January 2006 the federal government, with control in the senate, dissolved the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission. It was replaced by an administrative and advisory body, the Australian Safety and Compensation Council. ⁷ ⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹

In November 2009, the federal labour government cautiously redressed the situation and established a statutory agency, SafeWork Australia. ¹² ¹³ ¹⁴ This is merely a hybrid structure with a significant and unnecessary amount of ministerial control or discretion. It allows the minister to veto appointments of employer or employee representatives and requires ministerial council approval of corporate and operational plans. This compromises the fundamental principles of safety, which include tripartite arrangements and independence and you cannot be half pregnant. ¹⁵ ¹⁶ ¹⁷ ¹⁸ Irrespective of their occupation every employee has a fundamental right to a healthy and safe working environment, which allows them to lead productive working lives. This is consistent with the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It also aligns with the object of harmonised legislation, which is to provide a balanced and nationally consistent framework and secure the health and safety of people at work. However, national uniformity has been systematically obstructed by federal and several state governments. ¹⁹ ²⁰ ²¹ ²²

This political and economic destabilisation process commenced with the emasculation of the National Occupational Health and Safety Commission in June 2000 and its subsequent dissolution in January 2006. Almost two decades later, national uniformity remains unresolved. This crusade has continued relentlessly and the following fundamental action areas of the SafeWork Australia strategy have been significantly compromised: ²³ ²⁴ ²⁵

1) Government

2) Responsive and effective regulatory framework

3) Research and evaluation

Governments exert formidable authority over occupational health and safety and SafeWork Australia’s independence has been sacrificed by excessive ministerial control. The current strategy is like a house of cards built on a flood plain and it has been sabotaged by rampant unfettered neoliberalism, which is an alliance of government, corporate and commercial interests. ²⁶ ²⁷ ²⁸ ²⁹ This has besmirched the safety profession and symptoms of regulatory capture are evident throughout several federal and state statutory authorities. ³⁰ ³¹ ³² ³³

The embryonic gig economy and its byzantine contingent employment arrangements has circumvented the legislative framework and obfuscated duty of care. ³⁴ ³⁵ ³⁶ Sponsorship and funding for major research and educational establishments has been brutally slashed, which enervates other interdependent action areas and it ruins strategic outcomes. ³⁷ ³⁸ ³⁹ It has created an indirect renaissance of atavistic accident theory with an inordinate focus on individual responsibility and unsafe acts. This generates spontaneous negative symptoms with many social encumbrances, which include blame, fear and retribution and a bad system will eventually beat a good person. The bungling ineptitude is exquisitely encapsulated by W. Edwards Deming with his analogy of making toast………You burn and I’ll scrape. ⁴⁰ ⁴¹ ⁴²

This prolonged political and economic campaign has systematically undermined the occupational health and safety framework, including SafeWork Australia’s strategy. It has also compromised its legitimacy and integrity. Moreover, the significant social and economic costs of injury and disease are increasingly borne by employees, their families and the broader community. This is reflected in the recent Queensland parliamentary inquiry into the resurgence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis. ⁴³ ⁴⁴

Regulatory capture

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? – Juvenal ⁴⁵

Regulatory capture has coincided with the emergence of rampant neoliberalism and a renaissance of accident theory. ⁴⁶ ⁴⁷ ⁴⁸ It includes financial and cognitive leverage and occurs when statutory officials develop convivial relationships with administrated industries. A perception transpires whereby the regulated entity receives benefits or preferences at the expense of the regulatory authority or public interest and the liaison appears unethical. ⁴⁹ ⁵⁰ This risk increases when statutory officials adopt conciliatory and cooperative approaches using persuasion and negotiation in preference to adversarial and punitive enforcement. ⁵¹ ⁵² Conflict of interest also arises if the inspectorate belongs to a government department, which has principal responsibility for ensuring the productivity and economic success of the regulated industry. The Alberta occupational health and safety regime in Canada exhibits classic regulatory capture symptoms. ⁵³ ⁵⁴ ⁵⁵ ⁵⁶ ⁵⁷

Financial capture is accomplished via employer funding of regulatory activity, which provides preferential access to policy making. Cognitive or cultural capture is achieved using propaganda, whereby the regulator and employers promulgate a narrative of culpability, advocating the careless worker myth. ⁵⁸ ⁵⁹ ⁶⁰ ⁶¹ Irreverent and Pecksniffian media safety campaigns regularly feature distraught dependents with an excessive focus on reactive injury management and rehabilitation. The impact is ephemeral and it subliminally transfers duty of care onto victims to disguise or absolve employer negligence. ⁶² ⁶³ ⁶⁴ ⁶⁵ It has resurrected atavistic accident theory, promoted zero harm and created a sinister revival of behavioural safety programs. A recent federal parliament inquiry identified regulatory capture as a significant contributory factory in the resurgence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis. ⁶⁶ ⁶⁷

The dilemma of responsive regulation and whether to punish or reward is reviewed by Kolieb, who advocates a compliance and aspirational approach and more contemporary developments include behavioural economics nudge theory. ⁶⁸ ⁶⁹ ⁷⁰ ⁷¹ However, left unfettered it can degenerate into laissez faire and subsequent deregulation. ⁷² ⁷³ ⁷⁴ ⁷⁵ ⁷⁶ An extensive review of regulatory capture is provided by Croley, the Administrative Conference of the United States and the Australian National Audit Office. ⁷⁷ ⁷⁸ ⁷⁹

The gig economy

Work keeps away those three great evils: boredom, vice and poverty

Voltaire ⁸⁰

Over recent years traditional employment relationships have changed considerably, with a dramatic increase in contingent or precarious arrangements, using contract labour through hiring agencies. ⁸¹ ⁸² The embryonic gig economy is noticeable across Australia and overseas, ⁸³ ⁸⁴ especially in the aviation, construction, resources, retail and horticultural sectors ⁸⁵ ⁸⁶ ⁸⁷ ⁸⁸ and it shows no signs of abating. ⁸⁹ ⁹⁰ Arrangements usually consist of an impassive and loose tripartite agreement between the host employer, the labour hiring agency and the employee, who is effectively a ragged trousered philanthropist. ⁹¹

Responsibilities become fragmented and confusion abounds as to whether arrangements are a contract of service or a contract for service. ⁹² ⁹³ This generates legal and organisational uncertainty. Labour hire networks are quite intricate and the courts adopt a multi factorial approach to confirm precise contractual relationships, which evaluates the degree of control, level of integration and the totality of interdependence. ⁹⁴ ⁹⁵ ⁹⁶ ⁹⁷ ⁹⁸

Labour hiring agencies experience extreme difficulty in the supervision of its employees, especially across multiple sites, with host organisations more than willing to relay or transfer the associated risks. It becomes increasingly complex to synchronise activities, manage risks and coordinate decisions. Agency employees are often unfamiliar with the host site and its workforce, which significantly increases occupational health and safety risks. ⁹⁹ ¹⁰⁰ ¹⁰¹ Labour hire arrangements also compromise consultation mechanisms through the deliberate or inadvertent exclusion of agency employees from the host health and safety committee meetings. ¹⁰² ¹⁰³ ¹⁰⁴ ¹⁰⁵ It is a fertile environment for reactive accident theory. Many of its Dickensian symptoms, such as blame, fear and retribution evolve and flourish accordingly.

The legal complexities and organisational uncertainties generated by the gig economy are somewhat antagonistic and create negative behaviour patterns, which results in increased injury rates, psychosocial risks and chronic health problems. ¹⁰⁶ ¹⁰⁷ ¹⁰⁸ ¹⁰⁹ This may be a significant contributory factor in the resurgence of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis throughout Appalachia in the United States and across the Bowen basin in Queensland, Australia. ¹¹⁰ ¹¹¹

References

1. Leonard Cohen – Everybody Knows [Internet]. Genius. 2017 [cited 1 May 2017]. Available from: https://genius.com/Leonard-cohen-everybody-knows-lyrics

2. Howard Government [Internet]. En.wikipedia.org. 2017 [cited 23 April 2017]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Government

3. NOHSC Annual Report 2001 [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2001 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/140/NOHSCAnnualReport2000_2001_ArchivePDF.pdf

4. Siewert R. Safe Work Australia [Internet]. Rachel-siewert.greensmps.org.au. 2008 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://rachel-siewert.greensmps.org.au/articles/safe-work-australia-0

5. Convention C155 – Occupational Safety and Health Convention, 1981 (No. 155) [Internet]. Ilo.org. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312300

6. An inquiry into occupational health and health and safety – Report No. 47 1995 [Internet]. Productivity Commission. 1995; p. 27. [Cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/work-health-safety/47workhev1.pdf

7. International Labour Standards on Occupational Safety and Health [Internet]. Ilo.org. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://ilo.org/global/standards/subjects-covered-by-international-labour-standards/occupational-safety-and-health/lang–en/index.htm

8. Romeyn J. The International Labour Organisation’s core labour standards and the Workplace Relations Act 1996 [Internet]. Parliament of Australia Department of Parliamentary Services. 2007 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/rp/2007-08/08rp13.pdf

9. Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Australia [Internet]. Ilo.org. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102544

10. NOHSC Annual Report 2005-2006 [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2006 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/SWA/about/Publications/Documents/40/NOHSCAnnualReport2005_2006_ArchivedPDF.pdf

11. Barnett D. Statutory corporations and the crown [Internet]. UNSW Law Journal. 2005 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/9_barnett_2005.pdf

12. Rudd Government (2007–10) [Internet]. En.wikipedia.org. 2017 [cited 23 April 2017]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudd_Government_(2007%E2%80%9310)

13. About Safe Work Australia – Safe Work Australia [Internet]. Safeworkaustralia.gov.au. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/pages/about

14. Review of SafeWork Australia’s Role and Functions [Internet]. Australian Government Department of Employment. 2016 [cited 30 April 2017]. Available from: https://docs.employment.gov.au/system/files/doc/other/report_on_the_review_of_safe_work_australias_role_and_functions_published.pdf

15. Safe Work Australia Act 2008 [Internet]. Legislation.gov.au. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2009A00084

16. Safe Work Australia Corporate Plan 2016-2020 – Safe Work Australia [Internet]. Safeworkaustralia.gov.au. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/corporateinformation/corporate-plan/pages/corporate-plan

17. Safe Work Australia Operational Plan 2015-2016 – Safe Work Australia [Internet]. Safeworkaustralia.gov.au. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/corporateinformation/operational-plan/pages/op-plan-2015-2016

18. Lord Robens. Safety and Health at Work – Report of the Committee 1970-72 [Internet]. 1972 [cited 27 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.mineaccidents.com.au/uploads/robens-report-original.pdf

19. Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 2012–2022; pp. 4-5. [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2012 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/australian-whs-strategy-2012-2022.pdf

20. Universal Declaration of Human Rights [Internet]. United Nations. 2015 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.un.org/en/udhrbook/pdf/udhr_booklet_en_web.pdf

21. What are human rights? – Amnesty International Australia [Internet]. Amnesty International Australia. 2017 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.amnesty.org.au/how-it-works/what-are-human-rights/?gclid=Cj0KEQjw0IvIBRDF0Yzq4qGE4IwBEiQATMQlMbyvtLa716FK_2sOYZom5iIP_J77K4W8a4fJtochQ0kaAo1y8P8HAQ

22. Model Work Health and Safety Bill [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2017; p. 1 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/model-whs-act-21march2016.pdf

23. National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (Repeal, Consequential and Transitional Provisions) Act 2005 [Internet]. Legislation.gov.au. 2005 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2005A00135

24. The law in your state [Internet]. Safe Work Australia. 2017 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/law-regulation/law-your-state

25. Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 2012–2022; pp. 8-9. [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2012 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/australian-whs-strategy-2012-2022.pdf

26. Dowding K, Lewis C. Ministerial careers and accountability in the Australian Commonwealth government [Internet]. Press-files.anu.edu.au. 2012 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p191121/pdf/book.pdf?referer=307

27. CorpWatch. What is neoliberalism? [Internet]. Corpwatch.org. 2017 [cited 27 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.corpwatch.org/article.php?id=376

28. Drutman L. How corporate lobbyists conquered American democracy [Internet]. The Atlantic. 2017 [cited 27 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/04/how-corporate-lobbyists-conquered-american-democracy/390822/

29. Monbiot G. It’s business that really rules us now | George Monbiot [Internet]. The Guardian. 2017 [cited 27 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/nov/11/business-rules-lobbying-corporate-interests

30. Hempling S. “Regulatory Capture”: Sources and Solutions | Emory University School of Law | Atlanta, GA [Internet]. Emory University School of Law. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: http://law.emory.edu/ecgar/content/volume-1/issue-1/essays/regulatory-capture.html

31. Our people [Internet]. Safe Work Australia. 2017 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/about-us/our-people

32. Fifth Interim Report Black Lung. Black Lung: It has buggered my life. Chapter 3 Parliament of Australia [Internet]. Aph.gov.au. 2016 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Health/Health/Fifth%20Interim%20Report/c03

33. Work Health and Safety Board [Internet]. WorkSafe Queensland. 2017 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/about-us/about-workplace-health-and-safety-queensland/work-health-and-safety-board

34. The ‘gig economy’ is coming. What will it mean for work? | Arun Sundararajan [Internet]. The Guardian. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jul/26/will-we-get-by-gig-economy

35. How to make the gig economy work for all [Internet]. Managementtoday.co.uk. 2017 [cited 3 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/gig-economy-work/leadership-lessons/article/1427733

36. Foster N, Sherriff B, Windholz E, and Johnstone R, Ruschena L. OHS body of knowledge: Principles of OHS law [Internet]. Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia: Safety Institute of Australia; 2014 [cited 2016 Jun 9] pp. 4-7. Available from: http://www.ohsbok.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/8.2-Principles-of-OHS-Law-final.pdf?x71776

37. SafeWork Australia Sponsorship and Funding [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2017 [cited 22 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1704/sponsorship-funding-agreements.pdf

38. The National Research Centre for OHS Regulation (NRCOHSR) – Projects – RegNet – ANU [Internet]. Regnet.anu.edu.au. 2017 [cited 23 April 2017]. Available from: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/research/centres/research-projects/The-National-Research-Centre-for-OHS-Regulation-(NRCOHSR)

39. Australian Work Health and Safety Strategy 2012–2022; pp. 10-16. [Internet]. SafeWork Australia. 2012 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/australian-whs-strategy-2012-2022.pdf

40. The Domino Theory – Management Platform for Human Resource Development in the Field of Industrial Disaster Risk Management [Internet]. Hrdp-idrm.in. 2017 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.hrdp-idrm.in/e5783/e17327/e24075/e27357/

41. Quote by W. Edwards Deming [Internet]. W. Edwards Deming Quotes. 2017 [cited 29 April 2017]. Available from: http://quotes.deming.org/authors/W._Edwards_Deming/quote/10091

42. Hunter J. You burn, I’ll scrape « The W. Edwards Deming Institute Blog [Internet]. Blog.deming.org. 2017 [cited 30 April 2017]. Available from: https://blog.deming.org/2015/07/you-burn-ill-scrape/

43. The Cost of Work-related Injury and Illness for Australian Employers, Workers and the Community: 2012–13 [Internet]. Safe Work Australia. 2015 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/cost-of-work-related-injury-and-disease-2012-13.docx.pdf

44. Queensland Parliament Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis Select Committee. Inquiry into the re-identification of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis in Queensland – Interim report. Report No. 1, 55th Parliament Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis Select Committee March 2017. Available from: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Documents/TableOffice/TabledPapers/2017/5517T467.pdf

45. Green P. Juvenal – The sixteen satires (Satire VI, lines 347–348).United Kingdom: Penguin Books; 1970.

46. Gunningham N. Mine safety: Law regulation policy.1st ed. Annandale, NSW, Australia: The Federation Press; 2007; pp. 105-108. Available from: http://www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862875661

47. Keliher L. Report on the review of the roles and responsibilities of Queensland government agencies in the administration of workplace health and safety regulation [Internet]. Queensland Government Service Delivery and Performance Commission. 2008 [cited 14 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.cabinet.qld.gov.au/documents/2008/nov/sdpc%20reports%20deir%20and%20whs%20reg/Attachments/SDPC%20review%20WHS%20regulation.pdf

48. A Primer on Neoliberalism — Global Issues [Internet]. Globalissues.org. 2017 [cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.globalissues.org/article/39/a-primer-on-neoliberalism

49. Carpenter D, Moss D. Preventing regulatory capture special interest inﬂuence and how to limit it [Internet]. Tobin Project. 2004 [cited 10 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.tobinproject.org/sites/tobinproject.org/files/assets/Kwak%20-%20Cultural%20Capture%20and%20the%20Financial%20Crisis.pdf

50. Oren C, Wong L, Williamson B, Sugarman S, Kang A, Felker P et al. Rooting out regulatory capture [Internet]. Regblog.org. 2017 [cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.regblog.org/2016/06/13/rooting-out-regulatory-capture/

51. Adams G, Hayes S, Weierter S, Boyd J. Regulatory Capture: Managing the Risk [Internet]. Australian Public Sector Anti-Corruption Conference 24 October 2007 – Sydney. 2007 [cited 10 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.apsac.com.au/previous/2013conference/pdf/papers07/day1_24oct07/StreamA2/RegulatoryCaptureManagingTheRisks_JohnBoyd.pdf

52. Warren E. Rigged Justice: 2016 – How weak enforcement lets corporate offenders off easy [Internet].United States Senate [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.warren.senate.gov/files/documents/Rigged_Justice_2016.pdf

53. Safety and health | Business Queensland [Internet]. Business.qld.gov.au. 2017 [cited 9 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.business.qld.gov.au/industries/mining-energy-water/resources/safety-health

54. Worksafe [Internet]. Government of Western Australia Department of Commerce. 2017 [cited 30 April 2017]. Available from: https://www.commerce.wa.gov.au/corporate

55. Gunningham N, Sinclair D. Multiple OHS inspection tools: Balancing deterrence and compliance in the mining sector. ANU National Research Centre for OHS Regulation. 2007. Available from: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-05/WorkingPaper_55_0.pdf

56. Gunningham N, Sinclair D. Regulation and the role of trust: Reflections from the mining industry [Internet]. ANU National Research Centre for OHS Regulation. 2008 [cited 14 March 2017]. Available from: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-05/WorkingPaper_59_0.pdf

57. Stefanick L, Shrivastava M. (Editors) Alberta oil and the decline of democracy in Canada. Edmonton, AB: AU Press; 2015. Available from: http://aupress.ca/index.php/books/120251

58. Bob Barnetson. Work safety in Alberta: Trading health for profit. In Stefanick L, Shrivastava M. (Editors) Alberta oil and the decline of democracy in Canada. Edmonton, AB: AU Press; 2015; pp. 225-247. Available from: http://aupress.ca/books/120251/ebook/08_Shrivastava_Stefanick_2015-Alberta_Oil_and_the_Decline_of_Democracy_in_Canada.pdf

59. Bernays E, Schnur P. Propaganda. 1^st Ed. New York; Horace Liveright; 2015. Available from: https://ia601204.us.archive.org/10/items/EdwardL.BernaysPropaganda/Edward%20L.%20Bernays%20-%20Propaganda.pdf

60. Ellul J. Propaganda. 1st Ed. New York: Knopf; 1971.

61. Barnetson B, Foster J. Bloody Lucky: the careless worker myth in Alberta, Canada: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health: Vol 18, No 2 [Internet]. Tandfonline.com. 2013 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/1077352512Z.00000000020?journalCode=yjoh20

62. Dickens C. The life and adventures of Martin Chuzzlewhit. 1st Ed. London: Chapman and Hall; 1844.

63. IPAM films [Internet]. WorkSafe Queensland. 2017 [cited 16 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/injury-prevention-safety/injury-prevention-and-management/success-stories/ipam-films

64. Charlie Morecraft | Safety Speaker | Motivational Safety Speaker [Internet]. Charliemorecraft.com. 2017 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.charliemorecraft.com/

65. Barnetson B. Framing and blaming: construction of workplace injuries by legislators in Alberta, Canada. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. 2013; 19(4) 332-343. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1179/2049396713Y.0000000040?scroll=top&needAccess=true

66. Fifth Interim Report (Black Lung) Chapter 3: Regulatory capture [Internet]. Parliament of Australia. 2016 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Health/Health/Fifth%20Interim%20Report/c03

67. Fong P. Industry indifference fuelled black lung resurgence [Internet]. Workplace OHS News and info for Australian OHS professionals. 2016 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: https://workplaceohs.com.au/hazards/hazardous-chemicals/news/industry-indifference-fuelled-black-lung-resurgence#.WMjhYPl96Uk

68. Bluff E, Gunningham N, Johnstone R. (Editors). Occupational health and safety regulation for a changing world of work. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press; 2004; pp. 179-209. Available from: https://www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862875050

69. Kolieb J. When to punish, when to persuade and when to reward: Strengthening responsive regulation with the regulatory diamond [Internet]. Austlii. 2015 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MonashULawRw/2015/6.pdf

70. New Statesman. Why the author of nudge theory is worried his theory has become too popular [Internet]. Newstatesman.com. 2016 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2016/10/why-author-nudge-theory-worried-his-theory-has-become-too-popular

71. Sunstein C. The ethics of influence. 1st Ed. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2016.

72. Keynes J. The end of laissez faire. 1^st Ed. Amherst, New York Prometheus books; 2004.

73. Kanbur R. The end of laissez-faire, the end of history and the structure of scientific revolutions [Internet]. Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management Cornell University. 2015 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://publications.dyson.cornell.edu/research/researchpdf/wp/2015/Cornell-Dyson-wp1504.pdf

74. The Wealth of Nations [Internet]. Adam Smith Institute. 2017 [cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.adamsmith.org/the-wealth-of-nations/

75. Bills K, Agostini D. Offshore Petroleum Safety Regulation Better practice and the effectiveness of the National Offshore Petroleum Safety Authority [Internet]. Australian Government. 2009 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: https://industry.gov.au/resource/Documents/upstream-petroleum/safety/NOPSA%20Safety%20Authority_Web.pdf

76. Gunningham N. Two cheers for prescription? Lessons for the red tape reduction agenda [Internet]. UNSW. 2015 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/g4_gunningham.pdf

77. Croley S. Regulation and public interests. 1st Ed. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 2007.

78. Regulatory Capture Workshop | Administrative Conference of the United States [Internet]. Acus.gov. 2017 [cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.acus.gov/meetings-and-events/event/regulatory-capture-workshop

79. Commonwealth of Australia. Administering regulation-Achieving the right balance: Better practice guide [Internet]. Australian National Audit Office. 2014 [cited 15 March 2017]. Available from: https://www.anao.gov.au/sites/g/files/net2766/f/2014_ANAO%20-%20BPG%20Administering%20Regulation.pdf

80. Voltaire. Candide Voltaire (Larousse). Paris: Larousse; 2011.

81. Nichols T, Walters D. Editors. Safety or profit? International studies in governance, change, and the work environment. Abingdon, United Kingdom: Routledge; 2017.

82. Spillett A, Zanko M, Sense AJ. Responsibility for occupational health and safety outcomes in the labour hire industry: A tripartite arrangement? In D. Davies, G. Fisher & R. Hughes (Eds.), Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management Conference, Canberra, Australia; 2005. Available from: http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2489&context=commpapers

83. Ernst and Young. Is the gig economy a fleeting fad or an enduring legacy? [Internet]. EY Building a better working world. 2016 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/EY_Gig_economy_brochure/$FILE/gig-economy-brochure.pdf

84. State Government of Victoria. Victorian Inquiry into the Labour Hire Industry and Insecure Work [Internet]. Department of Economic Development Victorian Government. 2016 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://economicdevelopment.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/1390111/IRV-Inquiry-Final-Report-.pdf

85. Airport staff on split shifts ‘sleeping under terminals’ [Internet]. ABC News. 2017 [cited 20 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-20/airport-staff-sleeping-at-work-cant-afford-to-go-home/8369814

86. Claims that employee fatigue at Aerocare is leading to accidents [Internet]. Abc.net.au. 2017 [cited 20 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2017/s4656416.htm

87. Adele Ferguson S. 7-Eleven: A sweatshop on every corner [Internet]. The Sydney Morning Herald. 2017 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/7eleven-a-sweatshop-on-every-corner-20150827-gj8vzn.html

88. Labour hire inquiry finds damming accounts of worker abuse [Internet]. ABC Rural. 2017 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-28/labour-hire-inquiry-finds-widespread-abuse/7973896

89. Johnstone R, Bluff L, Quinlan M. Submission to the national OHS review- Public submission # 055, pp. 7-9. Available from: https://submissions.employment.gov.au/empforms/Archive/OHSReview/Documents/055JohnstoneBluffQuilan.pdf

90. Exploding myths about the gig economy [Internet]. McKinsey & Company. 2017 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.mckinsey.com/mgi/overview/in-the-news/exploding-myths-about-the-gig-economy

91. Robert Tressell. The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists – The Original Classic Edition. 1st ed. Emereo Publishing; 2012.

92. Watson I, Buchanan J, Campbell I, Briggs C. Fragmented futures: New challenges in working life. 1st ed. Sydney, NSW Australia: Federation Press; 2003. Available from: https://www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862874718

93. Marshall B. The national legal eagle working it out-employee or independent contractor? 2006 [cited 2017 Mar 5]; 12(5):15-19. Available from: http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1102&context=nle.

94. Johnstone R. Working paper 70; Regulating occupational health and safety for contingent and precarious workers: The proposed Australian ‘primary’ duty of care. Canberra, Australia: National Research Centre for OHS Regulation; 2009. Available from: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-05/WorkingPaper_70_0.pdf

95. CFMEU. Labour hire and insecure work; 2015 Nov 30 [cited 2017 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.cfmeu.org.au/policy-research/labour-hire-and-insecure-work

96. Bluff E. OHS body of knowledge: Socio-political context: OHS law and regulation in Australia [Internet]. Tullamarine, Victoria, Australia: Safety Institute of Australia; 2012 [cited 2016 Jun 9] pp. 8–9. Available from: http://www.ohsbok.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/8-Sociopolitical-OHS-law-in-Australia.pdf?x71776

97. Johnstone R. Occupational health and safety law and policy: Australia: Law Book Co of Australasia; 2004 pp. 107-117.

98. Kemp Strang Lawyers. The never ending argument – independent contractor or employee; 2016 Sep 27 [cited 2017 Mar 5]. Available from: http://www.kempstrang.com.au/publication/never-ending-argument-independent-contractor-or-employee.

99. Johnstone R, Quinlan M. National Research Centre for OHS Regulation. The OHS regulatory challenges posed by agency workers: Evidence from Australia; 2005 [cited 2017 Mar 6]. Available from: http://regnet.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/publications/attachments/2015-05/WorkingPaper_38_0.pdf.

100. Quinlan M, Mayhew C, Bohle P. The global expansion of precarious employment, work disorganization, and consequences for occupational health: A review of recent research. International Journal of Health Services. 2001 Apr 1; 31(2):335-414. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11407174

101. Mayhew C, Quinlan M, Ferris R. The effects of subcontracting/outsourcing on occupational health and safety: Survey evidence from four Australian industries. Safety Science. 1997; 25(1-3):163-178. Available from: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.2190/71L1-KRFN-P5QJ-XCNX

102. Walters D, Nichols T, Connor J, Tarisan A, Cam S. The role and effectiveness of safety representatives in influencing workplace health and safety [Internet]. Health and Safety Executive. 2017 [cited 9 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrpdf/rr363.pdf

103. SAI Global [Internet]. HB 327:2010 Communicating and consulting about risk. Infostore.saiglobal.com. 2017 [cited 24 March 2017]. Available from: https://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/PreviewDoc.aspx?saleItemID=2071997

104. Underhill E. Worksafe Victoria. Extending Knowledge on Occupational Health & Safety and Labour Hire Employment: A Literature Review and Analysis of Victorian Worker’s Compensation Claims.; 2002 Oct 1 [cited 2017 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/10081/LHReport_October2002.pdf.

105. Rubery J, Earnshaw J, Marchington M, Cooke FL, Vincent S. Changing organizational forms and the employment relationship. Journal of Management Studies. 2002 Jul; 39(5):645–72. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-6486.00306/full

106. Legal ramifications of the ‘gig’ economy [Internet]. HR Online. 2017 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.hcamag.com/features/legal-ramifications-of-the-gig-economy-230533.aspx

107. Hazards of the gig economy – Temp workers at greater risk for workplace injury but poorly protected, say labor advocates [Internet]. The Pump Handle. 2017 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://scienceblogs.com/thepumphandle/2016/11/04/hazards-of-the-gig-economy-temp-workers-at-greater-risk-for-workplace-injury-but-poorly-protected-say-labor-advocates/

108. International Labour Office Geneva. Non-standard forms of employment [cited 2017 Mar 5]. Available from: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_protect/@protrav/@travail/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_336934.pdfhttp://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_protect/@protrav/@travail/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_336934.pdf

109. Saunders C, Holland-Elliot K, Basi D. Working well: Guidance on promoting health and wellbeing at work [Internet]. IOSH. 2015 [cited 2 May 2017]. Available from: https://www.iosh.co.uk/~/media/Documents/Books%20and%20resources/Guidance%20and%20tools/Working%20well.pdf

110. Berkes H. National Public Radio. NPR.org. Advanced black lung cases surge in Appalachia; 2016 Dec 15 [cited 2017 Mar 5]. Available from: http://www.npr.org/2016/12/15/505577680/advanced-black-lung-cases-surge-in-appalachia.

111. CFMEU National. 1 in 15 coal miners may have black lung disease; 2016 Jul 14 [cited 2017 Mar 5]. Available from: https://www.cfmeu.org.au/news/1-15-coal-miners-may-have-black-lung-disease.

Search This Site

Neoliberalism and emasculation of safety