Who is Guarding the Guards?
A reasonable estimate of economic organization must allow for the fact that, unless industry is to be paralyzed by recurrent revolts on the part of outraged human nature, it must satisfy criteria, which are not purely economic
R H Tawney – Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (1926) 1
The recent resources boom in Australia saw a commensurate focus on workplace health and safety. It also created a perfect opportunity to generate transformational change using risk theory with a transdisciplinary evidence based approach. However, affirmation from many projects indicates significant regression with a resurgence of egocentric accident theory, which is antagonised by a plethora of complex and nebulous psychology based nostrums. This has constrained progress, shredded legitimacy and generated a concomitant increase in obscurantism and agnotology. 2–10
Corporate safety strategies and policies often embrace risk theory but it is a patina of good governance and corporate social responsibility. Further investigation at operational and tactical levels usually discovers a misalignment of strategy and atavistic accident theory prevails. It is flourishing throughout the resources sector and has been subliminally embraced by cohorts of evangelical safety crusaders and many project managers. 11–13
Rampant unfettered neoliberalism has created a race to the bottom with a laissez faire doctrine and malevolent freedom to harm amidst a culture of casino capitalism and kleptocracy. Regulatory capture is also apparent and complemented by an embryonic gig economy generating contingent employment via an emergent precariat. It is exacerbated by a tyranny of insufferable bureaucracy, cause effect dogma and an unconscionable focus on reactive performance metrics, especially recordable injury frequency rates. 14–28
Meanwhile, a cornucopia of displacement activities has been implemented. This includes zero harm, behaviour based safety programs, cultural surveys, incentive schemes and a concoction of abstract soft systems change management processes. It is compounded by a precarious over reliance on cosmetic lower order administrative protocols and the use of personal protective equipment. This is reinforced via intimidation and fear and inculcated using a relentless stream of corporate bilge and turgid sesquipedalian sludge masquerading as leadership, which begs the question……….Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? 29–45
Pear shaped
Kalafatis is a major producer and purveyor of pears and the company is distinguished as the pear giant of Australia. Every aspect of the business is handled by the consanguineous family and its superior crystal brand produce is renowned for its taste and quality. Its major client is Woolworths……The Fresh Food People and it faces regular quality assurance and food safety audits from the poker machine conglomerate. The company employs over 80 full time employees and during the harvesting season its workforce increases to almost 300 people. Seasonal workers are resourced using contingent labour hire companies and include vulnerable itinerants or backpackers holding temporary migrant visas. The managing director acknowledges fallibility but advocates a strong work ethic, which is corporate double speak for indentured servitude, peonage, intimidation and exploitation of helpless migrants. Vangelis, the Kalafatis patriarch, has since passed away but often reminisced about the early days with vivid descriptions of homesickness, pain and adversity. 46–49
However, at a Kalafatis packing shed in Shepparton on 7th November 2015, it all turned horribly pear shaped and generated an inconceivable amount of suffering and hardship. An Irish backpacker received appalling injuries whilst cleaning beneath a moving conveyor belt, which was used to deliver pears for packing and distribution. The young girl lost all her hair and an ear was ripped off when the scalp was torn from her head after she became entangled in a packing conveyor rotating drive shaft. The victim was rushed to a local hospital, stabilised and then transferred via air ambulance to Melbourne for further treatment. 50–52
Workers were frequently required to scrub beneath conveyor belts to ensure compliance with the rigorous food safety standards. Isolation of the equipment would inevitably curtail production and cleaning was usually performed whilst the conveyors continued operating. This involved exposure to unguarded rotating drive shafts and sprockets. The labour hire company T&R Contracting pleaded guilty in Shepparton magistrates’ court to breaching work place health and safety legislation. It received a $60,000 fine for failing to provide instruction and training. In January 2018 Kalafatis Packing also pleaded guilty to charges relating to the incident. However, before sentencing the local magistrate visited the facility with the defence and prosecution legal teams, WorkSafe Victoria representatives and the Kalafatis managing director. The delegation studied the significant changes to equipment and machine guarding costing over $200,000, which were recently implemented following the horrific incident. 53–55
The managing director claimed that since the improvements no other operation in the entire Goulburn Valley could compare to the Kalafatis packing shed. This quest for moral high ground merely implies that similar risks are evident at many other facilities. Moreover, Kalafatis is recognised as the pear giant of Australia and an influential member of the Apple and Pear industry association. The defendant’s legal team pleaded extenuating circumstances and alleged it was an isolated incident and subsequent improvements went over and above the need for deterrence. The conviction of Andonis Kalafatis back in August 2004 was conveniently disregarded. He was a director with Anspac Cold Storage when a forklift operator collapsed from carbon monoxide poisoning whilst stacking pallets at a nearby cold storage facility in Shepparton. 56–58
The magistrate acknowledged the company had taken the incident at its pear packing shed very seriously and recognised their extreme remorse and guilty plea. It had also raised the factory standard above the industry benchmark and its response was considered exemplary. Since the incident occurred an anonymous review on a migrant worker website offers a somewhat different perspective with descriptive accounts of intimidation and austerity. The plant manager allegedly behaved like Adolf Hitler and threw fruit at a lady who challenged his authority. The accommodation for itinerant labourers included a five bedroomed house with six girls sleeping in each room and one television set was provided between the 30 occupants. If the house was full several migrants or backpackers would sleep in the garden and their rent was reduced accordingly. 59–60
In the Shepparton magistrates’ court the organisation received a $50,000 fine with $22,000 costs to cover the WorkSafe Victoria investigation with no formal conviction recorded. In 2014 the State of Victoria produced 89% of Australia’s pears with a value exceeding $125 million. The excruciating pain, suffering and psychological trauma endured by the victim and her immediate family is inconceivable. Following an appeal the penalty was increased to $150,000 in the Shepparton County Court and a conviction was recorded. This unfortunate but preventable incident left the young lady permanently disfigured but the supply of superior crystal pears to a poker machine conglomerate continues……Oranges and lemons, say the bells of St. Clement’s; You owe me five farthings, say the bells of St. Martin’s. When will you pay me? Say the bells of Old Bailey. When I grow rich, say the bells of Shoreditch. 61–67
Deceptive bends
The Ichthys project located in the Browse Basin some 220 kilometres off the Western Australia coast is one of the most significant oil and gas ventures in the world costing approximately US$40 billion. It is the largest discovery of hydrocarbon liquids in Australia and initial estimates indicate the field contains more than 12 trillion cubic feet of gas and 500 million barrels of condensate with an operational life of almost 50 years. 68–69
During June and July in 2017 Inpex engaged the services of DOF Subsea who hired elite diving teams to conduct essential repairs on the Ichthys ocean floor pipeline. It was the deepest commercial dive in Australian history and required saturation diving to depths of 273 metres. This involved compliance with National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority prescribed regulations, supplementary diving operations and other guidelines. However, up to seven divers have since reported debilitating nervous complaints, consistent with acute high pressure neurological syndrome. 70–77
Initial symptoms include compression arthralgia, which produces excruciating joint pains in the knees and shoulders followed by cognitive impairment, hallucinations, nausea, headaches and delirium tremens. These conditions often subside quite quickly but several of the divers experienced prolonged and enigmatic emotional disorders. The compression or blowdown schedules for deep saturation dives over 240 metres usually exceed 20 hours. Diving logs must be documented and the organisation is required to maintain records for at least seven years. 78–81
It is alleged the hired divers endured an extremely unusual rapid descent over five or eight hours. This was completed in accordance with US Navy diving schedules which provide exclusive and alternative blowdown guidelines for emergency situations such as submarine rescues or retrieval of nuclear warheads. The regulatory authority was notified of the incident over five months later and the victims have become pariahs. Many are terrified of losing their diving licenses and livelihoods and traditional delay, deny and die tactics have emerged with the rejection of workers’ compensation claims. The DOF Subsea vision is to be a world class integrated offshore company delivering marine services and subsea solutions responsibly. Inpex remains absolutely committed to protecting the health and safety of its employees via its credo…….Anzen dai ichi, which is Japanese for whatever it takes. 82–87
1. Tawney RH. Religion and the rise of capitalism. New York: Harcourt Brace & World; 1926; p. 233.
2. Viner D. Descriptive and process classifications [Internet]. www.derekviner.com. 2015 [cited 2016 Jun 10]. Available from: http://www.derekviner.com/descriptive-and-process-classifications/
3. Kahler R. The relevance of the scientific method. East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Intersafe Engineering Safer Workplace Solutions; 2004; pp. 1-10. Available from: http://www.intersafe.com.au/shop/products.php?product=The-Relevance-of-the-Scientific-Method
4. Rowe W. An anatomy of risk. New York: John Wiley; 1977.
5. Haddon W. Energy damage and the 10 countermeasure strategies. 1973. 1995 Mar 1 [cited 2016 Dec 12]; 1(1). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1067540/pdf/injprev00009-0043.pdf
6. Kahler R. Two streams – Egocentric and ergonomic: In which one are you swimming? East Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: Intersafe Engineering Safer Workplace Solutions; 2014; pp. 1-16. Available from: http://www.intersafe.com.au/shop/products.php?product=Two-Streams-%252d-In-which-one-are-you-swimming
7. The Legitimacy of Safety Management Systems in the Minds of Norwegian Seafarers [Internet]. Transnav.eu. 2017 [cited 8 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.transnav.eu/Article_The_Legitimacy_of_Safety_Vandeskog,33,561.html
8. Obscurantism [Internet]. Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation; 2016 [cited 2016 Dec 6]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscurantism
9. Proctor R, Schiebinger L. Agnotology: The making and unmaking of ignorance. Stanford University Press, United States; 2008.
10. BBC. The man who studies the spread of ignorance [Internet]. BBC. 2016 [cited 2016 Dec 6]. Available from: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20160105-the-man-who-studies-the-spread-of-ignorance
11. Standards Australia. AS 8000-2003. Corporate governance – Good governance principles [Internet]. 2003 [cited 2016 Jun 9]. Available from: http://infostore.saiglobal.com/store/Details.aspx?ProductID=323701
12. International Standards Organisation. ISO 26000 – Guidance on social responsibility. 2010 [cited 2017 Jan 6]. Available from: http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=42546
13. Van Der Plancke V, Van Goethem V, Geneviève P, Wrzoncki E, Cadier M. Corporate accountability for human rights abuses – A guide for victims and NGOs on recourse mechanisms [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Jan 5]. Available from: https://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/corporate_accountability_guide_version_web.pdf
14. Labour standards – Racing to the bottom [Internet]. Economist.com. 2017 [cited 7 July 2017]. Available from: https://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/11/labour-standards
- Davies R, Vadlamannati K. A race to the bottom in labor standards? An empirical investigation. Journal of Development Economics. 2013; 103:1-14. Available from: http://www.tcd.ie/iiis/documents/discussion/pdfs/iiisdp385.pdf
16. The IMF and the World Bank: Puppets of the Neoliberal Onslaught [Internet]. Mit.edu. 2017 [cited 28 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.mit.edu/~thistle/v13/2/imf.html
17. Fingleton E. After the London inferno, a question for laissez-faire zealots: Is a human life worth no more than $100? [Internet]. www.counterpunch.org. 2017 [cited 20 June 2017]. Available from: https://www.counterpunch.org/2017/06/19/after-the-london-inferno-a-question-for-laissez-faire-zealots-is-a-human-life-worth-no-more-than-100/
18. Glenza J. Sanders decries ‘casino capitalism’ on Trump’s turf – A decaying Atlantic City [Internet]. The Guardian. 2017 [cited 2 June 2017]. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2016/may/09/bernie-sanders-atlantic-city-casino-donald-trump-capitalism
19. Laissez-Faire [Internet]. Investopedia. 2017 [cited 9 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/laissezfaire.asp
- Kleptocracy [Internet]. Softpanorama.org. 2017 [cited 5 December 2017]. Available from: http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/Financial_skeptic/Casino_capitalism/kleptocracy.shtml
- Corruption of Regulators [Internet]. Softpanorama.org. 2017 [cited 5 December 2017]. Available from: http://www.softpanorama.org/Skeptics/Financial_skeptic/Casino_capitalism/Corruption_of_regulators/index.shtml
22. Thierer A. Regulatory Capture: What the Experts Have Found [Internet]. Technology Liberation Front. 2017 [cited 14 March 2017]. Available from: https://techliberation.com/2010/12/19/regulatory-capture-what-the-experts-have-found/
23. Lupo B, Oren C, Wong L, Williamson B, Sugarman S, Kang A et al. A resource list on regulatory capture and reform [Internet]. Regblog.org. 2017 [cited 18 March 2017]. Available from: http://www.regblog.org/2016/07/07/lupo-a-resource-list-on-regulatory-capture-and-reform/
24. Dokko J, Mumford M, Whitmore Schanzenbach D. Workers and the Online Gig Economy [Internet]. The Hamilton Project. 2015 [cited 1 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.hamiltonproject.org/assets/files/workers_and_the_online_gig_economy.pdf
25. Bluff E, Gunningham N, Johnstone R. (Editors). Occupational health and safety regulation for a changing world of work. Annandale, NSW: Federation Press; 2004. Available from: https://www.federationpress.com.au/bookstore/book.asp?isbn=9781862875050
26. Johnstone R, Quinlan M, Walters D. Statutory occupational health and safety workplace arrangements for the modern labour market. Journal of Industrial Relations. 2005 Mar; 47(1):93–116. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29456001_Statutory_Occupational_Health_and_Safety_Workplace_Arrangements_for_the_Modern_Labour_Market
27. Hollnagel E. FRAM: The functional resonance analysis method: Modelling complex socio-technical systems. Aldershot, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing; 2012; pp. 14-24.
28. APPEA. Health & safety [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Dec 29]. Available from: http://www.appea.com.au/safety-environment/health-safety/
29. Ingram GIC. Displacement activity in human behavior. American Anthropologist. Wiley-Blackwell; 1960 Dec; 62(6):994–1003.
30. Senior B, Swailes S. Organizational change. 4th ed. Harlow, Essex, England: Financial Times/Prentice Hall; 2010; pp. 311-364.
31. IfM Cambridge University. Soft systems methodology [Internet]. [Cited 2016 Dec 13]. Available from: http://www.ifm.eng.cam.ac.uk/research/dstools/soft-systems-methodology/
32. Safety – JMJ Associates [Internet]. Jmj.com. 2017 [cited 26 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.jmj.com/industries/safety
33. Learn – Safety Consulting and Leadership BST [Internet]. Bstsolutions.com. 2017 [cited 26 May 2017]. Available from: http://bstsolutions.com/en/solutions/creating-injury-free-cultures/learn
34. Origin Energy: Every Day is Game Day | Brisbane Marketing Agency | made4media [Internet]. Made4media.tv. 2017 [cited 26 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.made4media.tv/our-work-1/origin-energy-every-day-is-game-day
35. Origin Safety Every Day Is Game Day [Internet]. Vimeo. 2017 [cited 26 May 2017]. Available from: https://vimeo.com/97198426
36. Oil and Gas – Performance Improvement | RLG International [Internet]. Rlginternational.com. 2017 [cited 26 May 2017]. Available from: http://rlginternational.com/expertise/industry/oil-and-gas
37. The State of Queensland (Department of Justice and Attorney – General). How to manage work health and safety risks [Internet]. 2013; pp. 14-16. [Cited 2016 Dec 29]. Available from: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/58170/how-to-manage-whs-risks-cop-2011.pdf
38. MacDonald B. Intimidation in business [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 Dec 17]. Available from: http://bobmaconbusiness.com/?tag=intimidation-in-business
39. Galloway S. Fear and inspiration: Two sides of the motivational coin [Internet]. Sustainable safety excellence. 2011 [cited 4 April 2017]. Available from: https://proactsafety.com/uploads/file/articles/fear-and-inspiration-two-sides-of-the-motivational-coin.pdf
40. Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis Select Committee. Public Hearing – Inquiry into coal workers’ pneumoconiosis; Transcript of Proceedings. Wednesday, 23 November 2016 Moranbah; [Internet]. 2016; pp. 4 and 18. [Cited 2016 Dec 23]. Available from: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/documents/committees/CWPSC/2016/CWPSC/CWP-trnsp-23Nov2016-Moranbah.pdf
41. Queensland Parliament. Black Lung – White Lies: Inquiry into the re-identification of Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis in Queensland Executive Summary, Report No. 2, 55th Parliament Coal Workers’ Pneumoconiosis Select Committee [Internet]. Queensland Parliamentary Committees. 2017; p. 11. [Cited 29 May 2017]. Available from: http://www.parliament.qld.gov.au/Documents/TableOffice/TabledPapers/2017/5517T816.pdf
42. Business Ethics. Culture kills: The legacy of Massey energy; 2017 [cited 2017 Jan 14]. Available from: http://business-ethics.com/2011/12/07/1657-culture-kills-the-legacy-of-massey-energy/.
- Klikauer T. The Business of Bullshit [Internet]. www.counterpunch.org. 2018 [cited 18 January 2018]. Available from: https://www.counterpunch.org/2018/01/17/the-business-of-bullshit/
44. Quis custodiet ipsos custodes? [Internet]. The Huffington Post. 2017 [cited 16 April 2017]. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/david-isenberg/quis-custodiet-ipsos-cust_b_595304.html
45. Transparency International – The Global Anti-Corruption Coalition [Internet]. Transparency.org. 2017 [cited 5 December 2017]. Available from: https://www.transparency.org/
46. Pavlopoulou E. The pear giants of Australia [Internet]. Neokosmos. 2014 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://neoskosmos.com/en/22544/the-pear-giants-of-australia/
- Woolworths – Meet the growers: Kalafatis Coldstores [Internet]. Woolworths. [Cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.woolworths.com.au/shop/discover/fresh/meet-the-growers?name=stories-kalafatis-coolstores&cardId=25
49. Pavlopoulou E. The pear giants of Australia [Internet]. Neokosmos. 2014 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://neoskosmos.com/en/22544/the-pear-giants-of-australia/
50. Payne N. Young Shepparton woman taken to the Alfred hospital after workplace injury [Internet]. The Weekly Times. 2015 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/news/national/young-shepparton-woman-taken-to-the-alfred-hospital-after-workplace-injury/news-story/b38ab5078eb618fccb7783d33c8768c8
- Thomson H. Scalping guilt [Internet]. Shepparton News. 2018 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.sheppnews.com.au/2018/01/12/127213/scalping-guilt
52. Fruit packing company’s fine for a 2015 scalping incident increased [Internet]. OHS Policy. 2018 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://ohspolicy.com.au/fruit-packing-companys-fine-for-a-2015-scalping-incident-increased/
53. Labour Hire Company Convicted After Backpacker Scalped [Internet]. WorkSafe Victoria – News. 2017 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://www.worksafenews.com.au/news/item/543-labour-hire-company-convicted-after-backpacker-scalped.html
- Amiga A. Labour hirer fined $60,000 after Irish backpacker is scalped, loses ear in Shepparton fruit-packing accident [Internet]. The Age. 2017 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/labour-hirer-fined-60000-after-irish-backpacker-is-scalped-loses-ear-in-shepparton-fruitpacking-accident-20170113-gtquuf.html
55. Labour Hire Company Convicted After Backpacker Scalped [Internet]. WorkSafe Victoria – News. 2017 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://www.worksafenews.com.au/news/item/543-labour-hire-company-convicted-after-backpacker-scalped.html
56. Apple and Pear Australia Ltd – About APAL [Internet]. Apple and Pear Australia Ltd. [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://apal.org.au/about-apal/
- Prosecution Result Summaries [Internet]. Victorian WorkCover Authority. 2004 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://www1.worksafe.vic.gov.au/vwa/vwa097-002.nsf/content/LSID135639-2
58. A handbook for workplaces Safe operation of cold storage facilities [Internet]. WorkSafe Victoria. 2017 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/211303/ISBN-Safe-operations-of-cold-storage-facilities-handbook-2017-06.pdf
59. Thomson H. Fined $72,000 for accident [Internet]. Country News. 2018 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.countrynews.com.au/@www/2018/01/18/86956/fined-72000-for-accident
60. Kalafatis Farm [Internet]. 88 Days and counting. 2017 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.88daysandcounting.com/listing/kalafatis-farm-shepparton/
61. Prosecution Result Summaries & Enforceable Undertakings [Internet]. WorkSafe Victoria. 2018 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/pages/laws-and-regulations/enforcement/prosecution-result-summaries-and-enforceable-undertakings
- Apple and Pear Statistics [Internet]. Apple and Pear Australia Ltd. [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://apal.org.au/industry-info/apple-and-pear-statistics/
Loncaric A. DPP appeals sentence for workplace injury [Internet]. Office of Public Prosecutions Victoria. 2018 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://www.opp.vic.gov.au/News-and-Media/Media-releases/DPP-appeals-sentence-for-workplace-injury
Murray S. Australian Company gets hefty fine over Irish backpacker who had scalp and ears torn off [Internet]. The Journal. 2018 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: http://www.thejournal.ie/australian-fine-irish-3994018-May2018/
Murray E. Backpacker’s injury hell Brother of Irish woman who was permanently disfigured in horror farm accident slams the fine imposed on company responsible [Internet]. The Irish Sun. 2017 [cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://www.thesun.ie/news/430255/brother-of-irish-woman-who-was-permanently-disfigured-in-horror-farm-accident-slams-the-fine-imposed-on-company-responsible/
67. Oranges and Lemons [Internet]. Wikipedia. [Cited 10 June 2018]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranges_and_Lemons
68. Ichthys at a glance [Internet]. Inpex. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.inpex.com.au/our-projects/ichthys-lng-project/ichthys-at-a-glance/
69. Ichthys in detail [Internet]. Inpex. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.inpex.com.au/our-projects/ichthys-lng-project/ichthys-in-detail/project-overview/
70. Inpex – Our company [Internet]. Inpex. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.inpex.com.au/our-company/
- DOF Subsea – Home [Internet]. DOF Subsea. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.dofsubsea.com/about/
Legislation and regulations [Internet]. NOPSEMA. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.nopsema.gov.au/about/legislation-and-regulations/
Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage (Safety) Regulations 2009 [Internet]. Australian Government – Federal Register of Legislation. 2009 [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2013C00945
Diving operations [Internet]. NOPSEMA. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.nopsema.gov.au/safety/diving-operations/
Guidelines for complying with the Diving Safety Regulations [Internet]. NOPSEMA. 2018 [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.nopsema.gov.au/assets/Guidelines/A608546.pdf
77. Jain K. High-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS). Acta Neurologica Scandinavica [Internet]. 2009;90(1):45-50. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02678.x
78. Compression arthralgia [Internet]. Wikipedia. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_arthralgia
- Cognitive impairment [Internet]. Health Direct. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/cognitive-impairment
81. Flint J. Inpex Australia Ichthys LNG project: claims divers suffering brain damage [Internet]. Perth Now. 2017 [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/inpex-australia-ichthys-lng-project-claims-divers-suffering-brain-damage-ng-b88702376z
82. Record Dive Leaves Men with Neurological Problems [Internet]. The Maritime Executive. 2017 [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/record-dive-leaves-men-with-neurological-problems#gs.JBk8stA
- U.S. Navy Diving Manual – Revision 7 [Internet]. Navsea. 2016 [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.navsea.navy.mil/Portals/103/Documents/SUPSALV/Diving/US%20DIVING%20MANUAL_REV7.pdf?ver=2017-01-11-102354-393
NOPSEMA progresses investigation into diving complaints [Internet]. NOPSEMA. 2018 [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: https://www.nopsema.gov.au/news-and-media/news-announcement/2018/04/20/nopsema-progresses-investigation-into-diving-complaints/
DOF Subsea – Our vision [Internet]. DOF Subsea. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.dofsubsea.com/about/
87. Inpex – Our commitments – Health and Safety [Internet]. Inpex. [cited 29 August 2018]. Available from: http://www.inpex.com.au/our-commitments/health-safety/
Do you have any thoughts? Please share them below